sreda, december 20, 2006

Prostor in Maslow

Abraham Maslow, ameriški psiholog, je zaslovel zaradi svoje hierarhije človeških potreb. Človeške potrebe prikazuje v piramidi, s tem, da bolj "primitivne" oz. bolj potrebne (beri kot nujne za obstoj) postavi za temelje piramide, na teh pa nato sledijo manj pomembne, ki tvorijo celotno piramido. Njegova piramida ima pet nadstropij. Na dnu so fiziološke potrebe, tem sledijo potrebe po varnosti, tem potrebe po ljubezni in pripadanju, nad njimi so potrebe po spoštovanju in nad temi se nahajajo potrebe po samo-aktualizaciji. Ta Maslowa shema je najbolj razširjena in sprejeta teorija hierarhije potreb. To kar pogrešam v tej celotni shemi pa je potreba po prostoru. Najprej pa seveda k definiciji. SSKJ pravi takole:
potreba -e ž (e)

1. kar obstaja, nastane zaradi odsotnosti tega a) kar je potrebno za življenje, delo: čutiti, imeti potrebo po jedi, spanju; potešiti si potrebo po pijači, zabavi / duševne, telesne potrebe / nima velikih potreb / jesti brez potrebe b) nav. mn., navadno s prilastkom kar se zahteva, želi: zadovoljevati domače, lastne potrebe; splošne družbene potrebe; denarja ima komaj za vsakdanje potrebe; poznati potrebe časa / prilagajati se potrebam kupcev željam, zahtevam;
zadovoljevanje kulturnih potreb prebivalstva; usklajevanje proizvodnje s potrebami tržišča s povpraševanjem na tržišču; letališče za vojaške potrebe namene // kar kdo mora imeti, dobiti za življenje, delo: našteti potrebe; obravnavati potrebe prebivalstva / avtomobil ni luksus, je potreba; uživanje mamil mu je postalo potreba / to ne ustreza njegovim potrebam temu, kar želi, hoče

2. kar povzročijo okoliščine, stanje, ki zahtevajo nastop, uresničitev česa: prišel boš, če bo potreba; udaril ga je brez potrebe; pomagal bom po potrebi / ni potrebe, da bi se prepirali vzroka / star. to je potreba vedeti treba
Če nam zmanjka hrane, vode ali zraka vemo, da brez teh virov ne bomo dolgo živeli in zato na te vire gledamo kot na potrebne. Omejenost vira torej določa ali neka stvar je potrebna ali ne. Človek je tako prvič začel gledati na hrano kot na potrebo, ko je prvič občutil lakoto. Na varnost je prvič pričel gledati kot na potrebo, ko se je prvič počutil ogroženega, itd. Na prostor pa ljudje zmotno gledamo kot na neomejeno dobrino in ga zato pri navajanju potreb ne omenjamo. A vendar: človek lahko obstaja le v prostoru! In prostor je omejena dobrina. Torej je tudi prostor potreba. In to celo najosnovnejša saj vsi ostali viri lahko obstajajo zgolj v prostoru. Moj oče rad postavlja retorično vprašanje, ki se glasi: "Kaj ti bo ves denar tega sveta, če ne boš imel koščka zemlja na katerem boš lahko uresničil svoje načrte?"


Seveda se na prostor mnogo pogosteje gleda kot na potrebo. Maslow pač ni (seveda dopuščam možnost, da je uporabljal drugačno definicijo potrebe ali pa da je pojem prostora subsumiral pod kak drug pojem in da jaz te subsumpcije ne razumem).

Cene zemljišč in pa stanovanj pritrjujejo tej tezi. Prav tako bi ji lahko pritrdil Stephen Hawking, ki vidi preživetje človeške vrste predvsem v zasedbi večjega prostora vesolja. Prav gotovo pa bi tej tezi pritrdila tudi matematična simulacija imenovana Game of Life. Prenaseljenost namreč povzroča smrt, saj pravilo št. 1 pravi: "If an occupied cell has 0, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8 occupied neighbors, the organism dies (0, 1: of loneliness; 4 thru 8: of overcrowding)".

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slika: COLE, Thomas
View from Mount Holyoke, Northamptom, Massachusetts, after a Thunderstorm (The Oxbow)

49 komentarjev:

Anonimni pravi ...

Zanimiva percepcija...vseeno pa mislim, da premalo razdelana. Nekako ne vidim celostne zamisli in uvrščanja prostora v koncept potreb...in če je prostor ena izmed "izpuščenih" potreb, katere bi lahko bile še druge?
Glede Hawkinga in naseljevanja po vesolju, pa lahko kot v razmislek tukaj ponudimo Celestinsko prerokbo, ki govori o tem, da se bo število ljudi zmanjšalo in da se "bomo/bodo" na nek način vrnili nazaj k naravi. Vsekakor bi lahko samo idejo bolj razdelal in razširil... LP

Anonimni pravi ...

Kritika Maslowa ima očitno luknjo. Kot sam praviš: "Kaj ti bo ves denar tega sveta, če ne boš imel koščka zemlja na katerem boš lahko uresničil svoje načrte?"
Prostor (prav tako kot čas) sta konstitutivna dejavnika tako za nastajanje kot za poteševanje potreb (nastajanje in poteševanje lahko poteka le v določenem prostoru in času), sama pa nista potrebe. Prostor vpliva na npr. fiziološke potrebe (če na nekem področju ni dovolj hrane zaradi prenaseljenosti), potrebe po varnosti (ker ni hrane za vse, se začne vojna), in tako dalje po seznamu, ne vpliva pa mimo tega sam po sebi: prostor kot abstraktna fizikalna kategorija ne poteši prav nobene psihične potrebe.

-SCRIPTOR- pravi ...

Bi se strinjal ob predpostavki,da potrebo definiramo drugače kot jo (skozi negativno definicijo) definira SSKJ. Povedal sem tudi že, da ne vem kakšno definicijo je vzel Maslow tako, da seveda dopuščam možnost, da se je zmotil. Drugače pa sem se že po prvem komentarju začel spraševati oz. dvomiti v to kar sem napisal, saj bi takoj za prostorom prišel na vrsto tudi čas kar pa mi vsaj na prvi pogled ne deluje prav prepričljivo. Je pa ena razlika v teh dveh predpostavkah oz. kategorijah, dimenzijah (kakorkoli) in ta je: prostor lahko obvladujemo časa pač ne. Mogoče bi bila to dobra iztočnica za prihodnja razmišljanja. In ne bi se strinjal, da prostor sam ne izpolni nobene psihične potrebe. Če bi te zaprli v sobo veliko 2*2 metra in ti v njej zagotavljali izpolnjevanje vseh ostalih dobrin bi se ti zmešalo --> prostor bi občutil kot potrebo...

Anonimni pravi ...

Najprej se ne bi strinjal, da obstaja ta fundamentalna razlika med prostorom in časom. Kot fizikalne količine sta tako prostor kot čas onkraj našega nadzora, prav tako kot sta oba neskončna. V vsakdanjem življenju pa si verjetno celo večkrat kot da bi imeli več prostora želimo, da bi imeli več časa, kar kaže na to, da sta oba - tako prostor in čas - kod družbeno konstruirana pojma lahko predmet manipuliranja in nadzorovanja. Odlične uvide v družben nadzor časa in prostora s sociološkega stališča nudi Anthony Giddens (recimo v Modernity and self-identity ali pa Consequences of modernity), ki celo zahteva, da se sociologija preneha v prvi vrsti ukvarjati s problemom reda in prenese pozornost na družbene mehanizme manipulacije s prostorom in časom. Takšna mehanizma sta npr. denar in moč, ki nimata druge funkcije kot da človeku omogočata nadzor nad prostorom in časom: če imamo denar, lahko menjava poteka čez praktično neskončne razdalje in je tudi neodvisna od časa (večina dobrin se s časom kvari, denar pa ohranja konstantno vrednost), kar je dobro pokaza Georg Simmel v svoji Filozofiji denarja. Enako moč, za katero je mislim da Locke rekel, da je present means to a future good, torej zgolj način manipulacije s časom. Po Giddensu ti mehanizmi sodelujejo v procesu, ki ga imenuje disembedding (in žal nima ustreznega prevoda), ki predstavlja samo bistvo modernizacije - gre za proces, v katerem človeške interakcije postajajo vedno bolj neodvisne od specifičnega časa in prostora (npr. pred denarjem je menjava med ljudmi bila vezana na določeno ozko omejeno lokalno okolje, ker je transport dobrin - v nasprotju s transportom denarja, ki je v elektronski obliko celo brez stroškov - drag in se dobrine na poti lahko pokvarijo).

Problem prostora in časa se zato izkaže za neskončno bolj kompleksen kot pa je zgolj vprašanje razpoložljive količine. Bolj zanimivo in tudi pomembnejše vprašanje je, kako ljudje nadzorujejo prostor in čas, kako se izločajo iz odvisnosti od njiju.

Strinjam se, da bi nahajanje v prostoru 2x2 metra človek občutil izrazito nelagodje, ampak vprašanje je, od kod bi to nelagodje izviralo. Ker človek na tako majhnem prostoru ne more zadovoljiti niti fizioloških potreb (recimo po gibanju), je razpravljenje o tem lahko sicer zanimivo, a nujno ostaja na špekulativni ravni (ker na prostoru 2x2 ne moremo nikoli dejansko zadovoljiti vseh potreb in tako preveriti, ali sam prostor povzroča nelagodje) in, kot sta tako lepo zapisala že Marx in Engels v Nemški ideologiji: tam, kjer se špekulacija neha, se začne resnična, pozitivna, znanost.

Potreba po teritorijo se je dejansko izoblikovala v določenih družbah, a nam te ne morejo biti vzor. Spomnimo se nacistične ideologije Blut und Boden (kri in zemlja), ali pa ideje velike Srbije. V obeh primerih je potreba po prostoru prerasla koristi, ki bi jih tak prostor imel, in je postala potreba sama po sebi. Če človek torej v določenih okoliščinah (tudi Maslowa hierarhija je kulturno specifična in je veljavna zgolj na zahodu) razvije potrebo po prostoru kot takem, je to po mojem mnenju patologija, proti kateri bi se morali z vso silo boriti.

-SCRIPTOR- pravi ...

Koba, predvidevam?

Zanimivo! Vsekakor moje prvotno razmišljanje ni seglo tako daleč. o tem ali sta prostor in čas neskončna bi se seveda dalo razpravljati (10 dimenzij, končnost vesolja, obstoj večnosti ipd. so samo nekatera izhodišča, ki bi vodila nadaljnjo debato...) Tako, da lahko pritrdim in rečem, da se problem časa in prostora ne konča z njuno nerazpoložljivostjo se pa vsekakor s tem dejstvom(!) začne. Za človeka, (če gledamo nanj kot bitje, ki je omejeno z določenimi potrebami) sta po mojem mnenju čas in prostor omejena (kaj ti bo neskončno vesolje, če v njem ne moreš uresničevati svojih potreb in kaj ti bo večnost, ki je ne moreš doseči?!) in ravno to bi ju moralo potisniti iz tega, da ju jemljemo za samoumevne predpostavke, v okviru katerih se uresničujejo druge potrebe, in ju spremeniti v enakovredni potrebi. Vendar ti moram seveda pritrditi, da ne zgolj kot potrebi PER SE ampak kot primarni potrebi v hirearhiji, ki sta zgolj nujno potrebni za uresničevanje vseh ostalih.

Koba pravi ...

Ni kaj tale post je sprozil nadvse zanimivo debato. Vendar pa resnici na ljubo moram priznati, da nisem jaz tisti, ki jo je sprozil ;)

Anonimni pravi ...

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